Posted by
admin on
Feb 8th, 2010
Noradrenergic system...
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is produced from the amino acid precursor tyrosine. Tyrosine yields L-dopa by way of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme [7]. L-dopa is converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase. The enzyme dopamine ?-hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine. The noradrenergic cell groups in the brain are located in the locus ceruleus and the lateral... Posted by
admin on
Feb 8th, 2010
Serotonergic System...
Serotonin is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin was named because of its activity as a vasoconstrictor in the blood. Two percent of the body’s serotonin is located in the brain, where the highest concentration is in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem [7]. The neurons project widely throughout the CNS. Serotonin is a principal neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of many... Posted by
admin on
Feb 8th, 2010
Evaluating anxiety disorde...
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in thegeneral population [1]. They are a family of related but distinctdisorders. Anxiety disorders are complex disorders and may bedifficult to recognize and treat, especially if there are comorbidproblems such as depression and substance abuse. There areno distinctively characteristic markers to make a presumptivediagnosis of an anxiety disorder... Posted by
admin on
Jan 31st, 2010
Treatment Modalities...
Psychotherapy and medications are important treatment modalities for anxiety disorders. Both are effective for most anxiety disorders, and the choice depends on many factors including patient preference, practitioner preference, previous treatment, family history, availability, and cost. The efficacy of medication for anxiety disorders is similar to the best psychological therapies. There appears to be a... Posted by
admin on
Jan 31st, 2010
History of Treatment...
Psychoanalysis and barbiturates were the primary treatment modalities until the mid-20th century. Psychoanalysis, although not empirically shown to be efficacious for the anxiety disorders, helps one to understand the roots of anxiety [18]. Pharmacologically, the barbiturates were widely used to treat anxiety. However, they have the potential for physical dependence and risk of misuse, including being... Posted by
admin on
Jan 22nd, 2010
The black hole of anxiety...
For most people, anxiety seems to come from nowhere and hit them like a sledgehammer. One minute, more or less happily living your life, the next, terrified and distraught, struggling to breathe perhaps, convinced you are dying, or that someone else will die and it will all be your fault. Maybe you visit your doctor straight away, maybe you struggle on alone for as long as you can, but sooner or later you... Posted by
admin on
Jan 22nd, 2010
Norepinephrine noradrenerg...
The majority of the noradrenergic neurons are located in the locus ceruleus in the dorsal pons. Other areas of the brain that contain noradrenergic neurons include the limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala) as well as the cerebral cortex [14]. Autonomic arousal occurs with stimulation of the locus ceruleus, and the elevated norepinephrine levels are associated with somatic anxiety symptoms... Posted by
admin on
Jan 22nd, 2010
Serotonin system...
The primary source of serotonin in the central nervous system (CNS) is the raphe nuclei of the brainstem. Serotonin has modulating effects on the locus ceruleus and its projections to the amygdala [4]. It is also associated with cognitive function in anxiety as well as regulating anxiety and impulsivity in suicidal behavior and other violence [4]. Low levels of serotonin are also associated with... Posted by
admin on
Jan 22nd, 2010
How a neuron works...
When a neuron (nerve cell) is activated, an electrical signal travels down the axon and releases a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter carries a chemical message across the synaptic cleft, attaches to a receptor on the receiving neuron, and transmits an excitatory or inhibitory message. Feedback mechanisms serve as regulators for the neurons sending the messages, and a reuptake transporter protein... Posted by
admin on
Jan 22nd, 2010
Anxiety neurons and neuroc...
Several neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in distinct areas of the brain have been demonstrated to play a role in the neurobiology of fear and anxiety [14]. Long-term dysregulation of these substances have effects on cortical and subcortical areas, and this appears to contribute to the development of anxiety disorders [14]. Research in animal physiology and human pharmacological studies have... Popular Articles